@article{13349,
  author = {Sarang Mittal and Kazemi Adachi and Nicholas Frattini and Maxwell Urmey and Sheng-Xiang Lin and Alec Emser and Cyril Metzger and Luca Talamo and Sarah Dickson and David Carlson and Scott Papp and Cindy Regal and Konrad Lehnert},
  title = {Annealing reduces Si3N4 microwave-frequency dielectric loss in superconducting resonators},
  abstract = {<p>The dielectric loss of silicon nitride (Si3N4) limits the performance of microwave-frequency devices that rely on this material for sensing, signal processing, and quantum communication. Using superconducting resonant circuits, we measure the cryogenic loss tangent of either as-deposited or high-temperature annealed stoichiometric Si3N4&nbsp;as a function of drive strength and temperature. The internal loss behavior of the electrical resonators is largely consistent with the standard tunneling model of two-level systems (TLS), including damping caused by resonant energy exchange with TLS and by the relaxation of non-resonant TLS. We further supplement the TLS model with a self-heating effect to explain an increase in the loss observed in as-deposited films at large drive powers. Critically, we demonstrate that annealing remedies this anomalous power-induced loss, reduces the relaxation-type damping by more than two orders of magnitude, and reduces the resonant-type damping by a factor of three. Employing infrared absorption spectroscopy, we find that annealing reduces the concentration of hydrogen in the Si3N4, suggesting that hydrogen impurities cause substantial dissipation.</p>
},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {Submitted},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.13504},
}